(Critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency)
診斷腎上腺功能不全並不容易,有很多干擾因素存在,包括使用的藥物,白蛋白血中濃度等。早期還會使用ACTH刺激測試,投與ACTH (250 mcg或1 mcg),然後監測血中cortisol濃度變化..但近來研究發現,針對敗血性休克病患,不論ACTH刺激測試結果為何,皆不會影響病患預後(雖然這與更早期的研究結果不同)。因此,2008年較新的文獻已經不建議使用ACTH刺激測試。
Critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency (CIRCI)是危急重症病患呈現腎上腺功能不良的表現,重症病患在面臨重度壓力反應時,血中的Corticosteroid濃度無法做出適當的反應,而導致CIRCI的因素乃在於Glucocorticoid 接受器敏感度下降,細胞對Corticosteroid的反應下降。[1]
病人在罹患重症疾病期間會影響下視丘及腦下垂體對腎上腺分泌的控制,極高和極低的Cortisol濃度對重症病人的不良預後有關。[2] 高濃度的Cortisol表示有嚴重的壓力反應,而低濃度的Cortisol則顯示Cortisol的製造及反應變差。[3]臨床上給予輸液及血管加壓素(Vasopressor)藥物的情形下,低血壓仍未改善,則懷疑病人患有CIRCI。文獻主張靜脈給予Hydrocortisone只適用於敗血性休克及難治型低血壓的成人。[4]
典型腎上腺功能不良症狀為心跳過速及高血液動力學的徵象(全身血管阻力下降、心輸出量增加)。其他徵象包括發燒、爆發性紫斑症(Purpura fulminans)、及腸胃或神經障礙。這些徵象與其他加護病房的重症病人並沒有特別的不同。[5]
CIRCI可以清楚的說明Cortisol濃度的變化是與疾病種類及嚴重度有關。在腎上腺已經最大的被刺激下,刺激測試是無法提供情報的。其餘抽血檢驗亦可以做為CIRCI的診斷依據參考,如低血糖、低血鈉、高血鉀、嗜中性白血球減少症、嗜酸性白血球過多症、甲狀腺功能低下、高泌乳激素血症。[5] 而其他試驗則使用在非重症病人上,並不建議用來診斷CIRCI。促腎上腺皮質激素刺激測試可以用來做死亡率的評估,但Cortisol 血中濃度則不行。但是給予Hydrocortisone的好處卻無法完全通過促腎上腺皮質激素刺激測試結果看出。[7] [8] [9][10]臨床診斷被建議為:Delta cortisol (after 250μg cosyntropin) of < 9 μg/dL 或Random total cortisol of < 10 μg/dL。重症病人Free cortisol levels 正常值尚未確立,故無法作為診斷的依據。[1] [4] 因此Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines沒有建議促腎上腺皮質激素刺激測試及入院時即使用Corticosteroids。
治 療
Corticosteroids被建議使用在早期嚴重的急性呼吸窘迫症,敗血性休克和對輸液及血管加壓素反應不佳的低血壓病人,給予Hydrocortisone(Solu-cortef)是最好的選擇。[4][11] 文獻建議敗血性休克病人Hydrocortisone(200 mg/day)、一天四次的劑量或100mg注射後再持續滴注10 mg/hr (240 mg/ day)。早期嚴重的ARDS病人Methylprednisolone(Solu-Medrol)持續滴注1 mg/kg/day。【1B】敗血性休克病人在使用七天,而臨床休克症狀改善則可以漸進式停止。早期嚴重的ARDS病人則被建議用滿14天再調整藥物。臨床使用類固醇治療時不建議直接停用,須採漸進式調降。【2B】而Dexamethasone(Decadron)不被建議用在敗血性休克、ARDS病人。【1B】[1] [4]而 1 mg的Dexamethasone等於5 mg的Prednisone等於25 mg的hydrocortisone。
參考文獻:
- Marik PE, Pastores SM, Annane D, et al. (June 2008). "Recommendations for the diagnosis and management of corticosteroid insufficiency in critically ill adult patients: consensus statements from an international task force by the American College of Critical Care Medicine". Crit. Care Med. 36 (6): 1937–49. http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=12810.
- Rothwell PM, Lawler PG (January 1995). "Prediction of outcome in intensive care patients using endocrine parameters". Crit. Care Med. 23 (1): 78–83.
- Annane D, Sebille V, Troche G, Raphael JC, Gajdos P, Bellissant E (February 2000). "A 3-level prognostic classification in septic shock based on cortisol levels and cortisol response to corticotropin". JAMA 283 (8): 1038–45.http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/283/8/1038
- Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Carlet JM, et al. (January 2008). "Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2008". Crit. Care Med. 36 (1): 296–327.
- Mesotten D, Vanhorebeek I, Van den Berghe G (September 2008). "The altered adrenal axis and treatment with glucocorticoids during critical illness". Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab 4 (9): 496–505.
- Lamberts SW, Bons EG, Bruining HA, de Jong FH (January 1987). "Differential effects of the imidazole derivatives etomidate, ketoconazole and miconazole and of metyrapone on the secretion of cortisol and its precursors by human adrenocortical cells". J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 240 (1): 259–64.
- Widmer IE, Puder JJ, Konig C, et al. (August 2005). "Cortisol response in relation to the severity of stress and illness". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 90 (8): 4579–86.
- Lipiner-Friedman D, Sprung CL, Laterre PF, et al. (April 2007). "Adrenal function in sepsis: the retrospective Corticus cohort study". Crit. Care Med. 35 (4): 1012–8. doi:10.1097/01.CCM.0000259465.92018.6E. PMID 17334243.
- Sprung CL, Annane D, Keh D, et al. (January 2008). "Hydrocortisone therapy for patients with septic shock". N. Engl. J. Med. 358 (2): 111–24.
- Annane D, Sebille V, Charpentier C, et al. (August 2002). "Effect of treatment with low doses of hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone on mortality in patients with septic shock". JAMA 288 (7): 862–71.
- Lefering R, Neugebauer EA (July 1995). "Steroid controversy in sepsis and septic shock: a meta-analysis". Crit. Care Med. 23 (7): 1294–303.
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